What Type of Fender Is Suitable for a Low Hull Water Level System?

When ships berth at a quay, the height of the ship’s hull above the waterline plays a big role in fender selection. In a low hull water level system, the ship’s contact point sits much lower than usual. This creates higher local loads and leaves little room for error.

So, what type of fender works best in this situation?
The answer is clear: cell fenders.

---

Understanding Low Hull Water Level Systems

A low hull water level system means the ship’s hull contacts the fender at a low vertical position, often close to the quay edge or even below the deck level.

This condition is common in:

• Bulk carriers and heavy barges
• Industrial and general cargo ports
• Inland waterways with limited tidal range
• Terminals handling fully loaded vessels

Because the contact point is low, the fender must absorb high berthing energy without relying on height.

---

Why Low Hull Water Levels Are Challenging for Fenders

Low hull water levels create several technical challenges:

• The contact area is smaller and more concentrated
• Fender deformation space is limited
• Reaction force transfers directly into the hull structure
• Poor load distribution can damage both ship and quay

Many traditional fender types struggle under these conditions.

---

Limitations of Common Fender Types

Cylindrical Rubber Fenders

Cylindrical fenders work well for light-duty applications, but they have a narrow contact area. At low hull water levels, they often experience localized stress and limited energy absorption.

Arch (V) Fenders

Arch fenders need sufficient vertical clearance to perform properly. When installed low, their energy absorption drops and hull pressure increases.

Cone Fenders

Cone fenders perform well but often involve higher cost and more complex foundations. For many ports, they are not the most practical solution.

---

Why Cell Fenders Are the Best Choice

Cell fenders are specifically suited for low hull water level systems, and here’s why.

High Energy Absorption at Low Deflection

Cell fenders absorb large amounts of berthing energy even with short compression travel. This makes them ideal when vertical space is limited.

Stable Performance at Low Contact Points

Their cylindrical body distributes load evenly, even when the hull contacts the fender at a low height. Performance remains consistent across different ship sizes.

Excellent Load Distribution

When combined with a frontal frame and UHMW-PE face panel, cell fenders spread the load over a wider hull area. This reduces local stress and protects ship plating.

Flexible Installation Height

Cell fenders can be installed precisely at the required design water level. They perform well in fixed water levels and low-tidal environments.

---

Typical Applications of Cell Fenders in Low Hull Systems

Cell fenders are widely used in:

• Bulk cargo terminals
• Heavy barge berths
• Industrial and energy ports
• Inland and river ports
• Dredging and construction terminals

In all these cases, ships berth with low hull contact points and high energy loads.

---

Key Design Considerations

When selecting cell fenders for a low hull water level system, engineers should consider:

• Design berthing energy and vessel size
• Fender height relative to waterline
• Front panel size and friction coefficient
• Quay wall strength and anchor layout
• Long-term durability and maintenance needs

Proper design ensures safe berthing and long service life.

---

Conclusion

Low hull water level systems place higher demands on fender performance. The fender must absorb large energy, control reaction force, and protect the ship’s hull at a low contact point.

Cell fenders offer the best balance of energy absorption, stability, and installation flexibility.
For most low hull water level applications, they remain the most reliable and proven solution.

---

FAQ

What is a low hull water level system?

It refers to berthing conditions where the ship’s hull contacts the fender at a low vertical position, often near or below the quay edge.

Why are cell fenders better than cylindrical fenders?

Cell fenders provide higher energy absorption and better load distribution, especially at low contact points.

Can cell fenders work in non-tidal ports?

Yes. Cell fenders are ideal for fixed or low-tidal water level environments.

Do cell fenders require front panels?

While not mandatory, front panels greatly improve load distribution and reduce hull pressure, especially in low hull systems.

Are cell fenders suitable for heavy barges?

Yes. They are commonly used for heavy barges and fully loaded vessels with low freeboard.